Journal+Questions

3. The “Agricultural Revolution” radically altered human societies in what five ways? (pages 10-11)
 * Chapter 1**

 **Chapter 2** 1. What were the major achievements of the Sumerian civilization? (p. 18-19) 2. Who was Sargon the Great, and why was his empire significant? (p. 19) 3. Describe the major characteristics of Sumerian religion. (p. 19-21) 4. What were the major cultural and scientific innovations of Sumerian civilization? (p. 23-24) 5. What were the main principles of Mesopotamian law, as revealed in the Code of Hammurabi and other documents? (p. 24-26)) 6. What were the three classes of people in Mesopotamian civilization, and what role did they play in Mesopotamian civilization? (p. 25-26) 7. What was the social and legal status of women in Mesopotamian civilization? (p. 26-27)

Chapter 3
1. What impact did Egypt’s geography have on the development of Egyptian civilization? (p. 30-32) 2. How did Egyptians conceive of their rulers, called pharaohs, and what impact did this belief have on Egyptian politics? (p. 33-34) 3. What were the major periods in Egyptian history, and when did each one occur? (p. 34) 4. What was the greatest cultural achievement of the Egyptians? (p. 32) 5. What were the major characteristics of Egyptian religion? (p. 37-39) 6. What are the most important points of contrast between Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilization? (p. 39-40)

1. Who were the Assyrians, and why did their enemies hate them so much? (p. 42-44) 2. Who were the Phoenicians, and what was their major contribution to human history? (p. 44) 3. Who were the Persians, and how did they govern the people they conquered? (p. 45-47) 4. What are the basic characteristics of the Zoroastrian faith? (p. 46) 5. Who are the Hebrews, and how did they come to settle in Palestine? (p. 47-48) 6. What was unique about the Jewish religion in comparison to other ancient faiths? (p. 48-50) 7. What changes in the Jewish faith occurred in the post-Captivity period? (p. 50-51)
 * Chapter 4 **

1. What were the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization? (p. 56-57) 2. Who were the Aryans, and what impact did they have on the social structure of Indian society? (p. 58-59) 3. What are the basic principles of Hinduism? (p. 59-60) 4. Who was Siddhartha Gautama, and what were his most important teachings? (p. 61-62) 5. Why is Ashoka an important ruler in Indian history? (p. 63) 6. What religion spread from India to China after the 1st century? When and how? (p. 63-64)
 * Chapter 5 **

1. What was the first dynasty in Chinese history? (p. 67-68) 2. What fundamental aspects of Chinese civilization were evident in the Shang Era? (p. 68) 3. What is distinctive about the Chinese written and spoken language? (p. 69-70) 4. Why did the first Zhou rulers develop the idea of a “mandate of heaven”? (p. 70-71) 5. What were the major teachings of Confucius? (p. 73-75) 6. How did Daoism and Legalism differ from the ideas of Confucius? (p. 75-77)
 * Chapter 6 **

1. How did the geography of Greece affect its political development? (p. 85) 2. What was the significance of the polis for Greek politics and society? (p. 87) 3. What were the four types of government that Greeks knew, and how can they be characterized? (p.87-88) 4. What were major features of Athenian democracy? (p. 89) 5. What policies helped Sparta become a powerful city-state? (p. 89-90) 6. What significance did the Persian Wars have for Greek civilization and Western civilization more generally? (p. 90) 7. Who won the Peloponnesian War, and what consequences did the war have for Greek civilization? (p. 91) 8. What was the cultural result of Alexander the Great’s conquests? (p. 94-95)
 * Chapter 7 **

1. What was the greatest contribution of pre-Socratic Greek philosophers? (p. 98-99) 2. What was the relationship between Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and what were the main achievements of each thinker? (p. 99-101) 3. Identify and explain three Hellenistic philosophies. (p. 101) 4. What scientific advances came out of the Hellenistic period? (p. 101-103) 5. What were two main differences between Greek religion and other religions? (103-104) 6. What were the Greek concepts of the “Golden Mean” and “hubris”? (p. 104)
 * Chapter 8 **

1. What were the basic characteristics of the government of the Roman Republic? (p. 112-113) 2. What were the major steps in Rome’s conquest of the Mediterranean world? (p. 113-115) 3. What caused the downfall of the Roman Republic? (p. 115-116) 4. What were the main policies and achievements of Octavian/Augustus Caesar as emperor? (p. 116-119) 5. How did the Roman Empire maintain such a lengthy period of peace in the empire? (p. 119) 5. What were the basic principles of Roman law? (p. 125) 6. How might one account for the success of Marcus Aurelius’ imperial reign? (p. 122) 6. What were the main characteristics of Roman religion? (p. 121-122)
 * Chapter 9 **

1. What two major problems faced the Roman Empire during the 3rd century C.E. (p. 129) 2. What reforms did Diocletian (285-305) undertake to strengthen the Roman Empire? (p. 129) 3. What were the main teachings of Jesus of Nazareth? (p. 130-131, 132) 4. What was the appeal of Christianity to new converts? (p. 131) 5. What role did Constantine I play in the spread of Christianity through the Roman world? (p. 131, 133-135) 6. Which German tribes conquered the western part of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, and in which regions did they set up their kingdoms? (p. 135-136) 7. How did the collapse of the Roman Empire in Western Europe lead to the rise of feudalism in Western Europe? (p. 137-138) 8. What were the main achievements of Charlemagne? (p. 138-139, 140) 9. What peoples threatened Western Europe after Charlemagne’s empire fell apart? (p. 139-141) 10. What were the main achievements of the Byzantine Empire? (p. 142-143)
 * Chapter 10 **

1. When and how did the Amerindians come to the Americas? (p. 156-157) 2. How did climate changes affect Amerindian culture in the Paleoindian and Archaic Periods? (p. 157-158) 3. What were the main achievements of Mayan civilization? (p. 160-161) 4. What was the connection between war and religion in Aztec society? (p. 162) 5. Describe the social and political structure of the Aztec Empire. (p. 163-164) 6. How did the Incas rule their large empire? (p. 165) 7. Which Amerindian cultures developed around the Colorado and Mississippi Rivers, respectively? (p. 166-168)
 * Chapter 11 **

1. What are the five major geographic/climate zones of Africa? (p. 172) 2. What were the main characteristics of social and political organization in Africa? (p. 174-175) 3. What similarities and differences existed between the East African kingdoms of Kush and Axum? (p. 175-176) 4. What role did trade play in the success of the Sudanese Kingdoms? (p. 177-180) 5. Into what parts of Africa had Islam spread by 1500 C.E.? (p. 177, 180) 6. Which civilizations were the main trading partners for the Swahili city-states before 1500 C.E.? (p. 180) 7. Why did the first Europeans to arrive in Africa perceive it as backward and subservient? (p. 183)
 * Chapter 12 **

1. Describe the development of Islam from the revelations received by Muhammad in 610 C.E. to the Muslim conquest of Arabia by 632 C.E. (p. 187) 2. What are the Five Pillars of Islam? (p. 189) 3. What is jihad, and what role did it play in early Muslim culture? (p. 191-192) 4. What were the three periods of Muslim history from 632 to 1258 C.E.? (p. 192-194) 5. What is the difference between Sunni and Shi’ite Muslims? (p. 193) 6. How did the social and political relationship between Arab Muslims and non-Arab Muslims change under the Abbasid Dynasty? (p. 194) 7. What were the five classes of society in Muslim civilization? (p. 195)
 * Chapter 13 **

1. What significance did the Sharia have for Muslim politics and society? (p. 199) 2. What is the “Closing of the Gates,” and what is its significance? (p. 199) 3. What were the main intellectual and cultural achievements of medieval Muslim civilization? (p. 201-202) 4. What role did the invasion of Turkish and Mongol armies play in the decline of the Abbasid Dynasty? (p. 205)
 * Chapter 14 **

1. What were the main economic and cultural achievements of the Gupta Dynasty? (p. 209) 2. What impact did religion have on southern and northern India (respectively) in the post-Gupta era? (p. 210-212) 3, What are the primary beliefs of Jainism? (p. 214) 4, In what ways did the caste system become more complex in post-Gupta India? (p. 215-217) 5. What cultural and economic impact did India have on Southeast Asia? (p. 217-219)
 * Chapter 15 **

1. What were the major achievements of Shih Huang-di, the First Emperor? (p. 223) 2. What were the primary similarities and differences in Chinese politics under the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty? (p. 224) 3. What were the scientific, economic, and political achievements of the Han Dynasty? (p. 224-225) 4. What policies of the early Tang rulers enabled them to strengthen China? (p. 227-228) 5. How were the policies of the Song Dynasty similar to/different from those of the Tang Dynasty? (p. 229, 231) 6. What impact did Buddhism have on Chinese culture? (p. 231)
 * Chapter 16 **

1. What are the main characteristics of Japanese Buddhism and the Shinto religion? (p. 235-236) 2. What Chinese ideas did the Japanese accept or reject during the Yamato Period? (p. 236-237) 3. What were the distinguishing features of Japanese government during the Heian Period? (p. 237) 4. How was Japanese feudalism similar to/different from European feudalism? (p. 238-239) 5. What impact did China have on Korea’s political and cultural development? (p. 243) 6. What impact did India and China have on the kingdoms of Southeast Asia? (p. 244) 7. Describe the impact of Chinese culture on Vietnamese culture. (P. 246-247)
 * Chapter 17 **

1. What were the primary characteristics of medieval serfdom? (p. 250-251) 2. What roles did nobles play in medieval European society? (p. 251-252) 3. What factors contributed to the economic revival in 11th and 12th century Europe? (p. 255-257) 4. Compare and contrast the political development of medieval England and France. (p. 258-259) 5. What factors prevented the development of a strong state in medieval Germany? (p. 259-260) 6. What were the greatest cultural achievements of medieval Europe? (p. 260-261)
 * Chapter 18 **


 * Chapter 19 **

1.What were the three phases of Mongol advance into Asia toward conquest of its vast empire? (261-262) 2. How did Chinghis Khan’s rise to power, and how did he turn the Mongols into an invincible fighting force? (p. 260-261) 3. What was the significance of the Mongol conquests? (p. 262-263) 4. Identify and explain the location of each of the three major Mongol empires. (264-265) 5. Identify and explain a cause for the eventual decline and fall of the Mongol empires. (p.265) 1. What was the Black Death, and what consequences did it have for 14th century Europe? (p. 269-271)) 2. What consequences did the Hundred Years’ War have for England, France, and Europe? (p. 271-272) 3. What role did the Catholic Church play in medieval Europe? (p. 273-274) 4. What crises did the medieval Church face, and how were they resolved? (p. 273-274) 5. What were the main achievements of medieval European science? (p. 275-277)
 * Chapter 20 **

1. Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy? (p. 279-281) 2. What were the main characteristics of the Renaissance? (p. 281) 3. How did Thomas More and Erasmus contribute to the development of Humanism? (281-282) 4. According to Renaissance thinkers, what were the three attributes of the state? (p. 281) 5. How did rulers in France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire become stronger during the Renaissance? (p. 281-282) 6. How did Machiavelli conceive of the role of political leaders? (p. 285) 5. How did Renaissance art differ from medieval art? (p. 286-288)
 * Chapter 21 **

1. What developments pushed Europeans to explore the world in the 15th century? (p. 298-300) 2. What parts of the world fell under Portuguese control in the 15th and 16th centuries, and what was the Portuguese approach to governing these areas? (p. 300-302) 3.What parts of the world fell under Spanish control in the 16th century, and what was the Spanish approach to governing these areas? (p. 302) 4. Compare and contrast the approach of the Dutch and the English to overseas exploration and colonization. (p. 303-304) 5. What was the “Columbian Exchange,” and what consequences did it have for Europe and America? (p. 303-305) 6. What impact did European exploration and colonization in the 15th and 16th centuries have on the rest of the world? (p. 305-306)
 * Chapter 22 **

1. What were Martin Luther’s main beliefs? (p. 311-312) 2. Compare and contrast the teachings of Martin Luther and John Calvin. (p. 312-314) 3. What role did Henry VIII and Elizabeth I play in turning England into a Protestant country? (p. 314-315, 316)) 4. What significance did the Council of Trent have for the Catholic Church? (p. 315) 5. What were the outcomes of the religious wars in the Holy Roman Empire, France, and the Netherlands? (p. 317-318) 6. What were the long and short-term consequences of the Reformation? (p. 318-319)
 * Chapter 23 **

1. What two developments in the Muslim world were important to the emergence of the Ottoman Empire as a major Muslim power? (p. 3322-324) 2. Describe the main characteristics of government in the Ottoman Empire. (p. 3324-325) 3. Why did the Ottoman Empire decline in the 17th and 18th centuries? (p. 355, 361-363325-327) 4. What significance did the reign of the Mughal ruler Akbar the Great have for India? (p. 328-329) 5. Who built the Taj Mahal and why? (p. 331)
 * Chapter 24**

1. What consequences did the Thirty Years’ War have for Europe? (p. 335-336) 2. What were the strengths and weaknesses of French absolutist government? (p. 337-339)) 3. What caused the English Civil War, who won it, and what was the significance of this victory? (p. 339-340) 4. What was the significance of England’s “Glorious Revolution”? (p. 340-341) 5. Compare and contrast the political thought of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. (p. 341-343) 6. What factors made absolutism in Eastern Europe stronger than it was in Western Europe? (p. 342-) 7. What policies helped the Hohenzollern princes turn Prussia into a great power in Europe? (p. 342-344) 3. What problems did the Habsburg Dynasty face in ruling Austria in the 17th and 18th centuries? (p. 344-346) 4. How did Russia under the tsars grow stronger against the “Mongol Yoke”? (p. 346) 5. How did Peter the Great try to modernize Russia? (p. 347-348)
 * Chapter 25 **